The Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 addresses the admissibility of character evidence in both civil and criminal cases. This chapter explains when and how the character of a party—whether good or bad—can become relevant to the issues in a case. It draws a careful line between personal traits and legal facts, allowing character evidence only in specific contexts, such as when it affects the probability of guilt or credibility. The chapter reflects a balance between protecting an individual’s dignity and uncovering the truth in court.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
According to Article 114, what condition must be met for estoppel to apply?
- A. A person must unknowingly cause another to believe something.
- B. A person must intentionally cause or permit another to believe something to be true and to act upon such belief.
- C. A person must accidentally lead another to believe something false.
- D. A person must inform another person about their intentions.
- Answer: B. A person must intentionally cause or permit another to believe something to be true and to act upon such belief.
What is the consequence for a person who has caused another to believe a falsehood under Article 114?
- A. They can deny the truth in court.
- B. They must compensate the other person.
- C. They are not allowed to deny the truth of that thing in any suit or proceeding.
- D. They must issue a public apology.
- Answer: C. They are not allowed to deny the truth of that thing in any suit or proceeding.
In the illustration provided under Article 114, what action is A not allowed to take after inducing B to buy land?
- A. Deny that the sale took place.
- B. Prove that he had no title at the time of sale.
- C. Sell the land to someone else.
- D. Refund B’s money.
- Answer: B. Prove that he had no title at the time of sale.
Under Article 115, what is a tenant not permitted to do during the continuance of the tenancy?
- A. Sublet the property.
- B. Deny that the landlord had a title to the property at the beginning of the tenancy.
- C. Modify the property.
- D. Move out without notice.
- Answer: B. Deny that the landlord had a title to the property at the beginning of the tenancy.
What is a licensee of a person in possession of immovable property not permitted to deny under Article 115?
- A. The duration of the license.
- B. The ownership of the immovable property.
- C. The title of the person in possession at the time when the license was given.
- D. The value of the property.
- Answer: C. The title of the person in possession at the time when the license was given.
According to Article 116, what is an acceptor of a bill of exchange not permitted to deny?
- A. The validity of the bill.
- B. The authority of the drawer to draw or endorse the bill.
- C. The amount specified in the bill.
- D. The date on the bill.
- Answer: B. The authority of the drawer to draw or endorse the bill.
What is a bailee or licensee not permitted to deny under Article 116?
- A. The terms of the bailment or license.
- B. The authority of the bailor or licenser to make the bailment or grant the license at the time it commenced.
- C. The condition of the goods or property.
- D. The duration of the bailment or license.
- Answer: B. The authority of the bailor or licenser to make the bailment or grant the license at the time it commenced.
According to Explanation 1 of Article 116, what may the acceptor of a bill of exchange deny?
- A. The amount of the bill.
- B. The signature of the drawer.
- C. That the bill was really drawn by the person by whom it purports to have been drawn.
- D. The date on the bill.
- Answer: C. That the bill was really drawn by the person by whom it purports to have been drawn.
What does Explanation 2 of Article 116 allow a bailee to prove if they deliver goods to a person other than the bailor?
- A. That the bailor gave consent for the delivery.
- B. That the other person had a right to the goods as against the bailor.
- C. That the goods were defective.
- D. That the delivery was accidental.
- Answer: B. That the other person had a right to the goods as against the bailor.
What concept does Chapter 8 of the QSO primarily deal with?
- A. Contract law
- B. Property law
- C. Estoppel
- D. Tort law
- Answer: C. Estoppel