Muhammad Abdullah 
Introduction Professional ethics is a fundamental aspect of legal practice, guiding the behaviour and decision-making of lawyers. In Pakistan, adherence to ethical standards is not just a professional obligation but a societal expectation. The subject of professional ethics is crucial for aspiring lawyers, particularly those preparing for the Law Graduate Assessment Test (LAW GAT). This … Read more
The legal profession is not just a career—it is a noble calling that demands integrity, responsibility, and adherence to the highest ethical standards. In Pakistan, the Canons of Professional Conduct and Etiquette of Advocates, issued by the Pakistan Bar Council, serve as a moral and professional compass for lawyers. These canons define how an advocate … Read more
Introduction The Law of Evidence, enshrined in the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 (QSO), is a pivotal part of the legal framework in Pakistan. It governs the principles and rules determining what evidence is admissible in courts of law. This area of law is essential for ensuring that justice is served by allowing only credible and relevant … Read more
The Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 serves as the backbone of the law of evidence in Pakistan, guiding how facts are proved or disproved in both civil and criminal proceedings. Chapter 1, titled “Preliminary”, lays the foundation by defining key terms and establishing the scope and application of the Order. It clarifies what is meant by evidence, … Read more
The Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 in Chapter 2 deals with the relevancy of facts, forming the core of the law of evidence. This chapter explains which facts are considered legally relevant in a court of law and can be used to support or refute claims. It outlines key concepts such as facts forming part of the … Read more
The Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 in Chapter 3 identifies certain facts that do not require proof in court. These include facts that are already judicially noticed, facts that are admitted by the parties, and facts that are presumed under the law. The chapter helps streamline the judicial process by eliminating the need to prove obvious or … Read more
The Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 in Chapter 4 deals with oral evidence, which refers to statements made by witnesses in court. This chapter lays down the rule that all facts, except those excluded by law, may be proved by oral evidence. It also emphasizes that oral evidence must, in most cases, be direct, meaning it must … Read more
The Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 in Chapter 5 explains the use and importance of documentary evidence in legal proceedings. It covers the types of documents that may be produced in court, how they should be proved, and the distinction between primary and secondary evidence. The chapter ensures that documents are genuine and relevant, providing solid support … Read more
The Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 in Chapter 6 distinguishes between public documents and private documents for the purpose of proof. Public documents include official records, government notifications, and judicial acts, while private documents are created between individuals. The chapter outlines the legal requirements for proving each type of document and provides presumptions in favor of certain … Read more
The Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984 lays down the conditions under which the opinions of third persons may be considered relevant in judicial proceedings. While the general rule is that evidence must be based on facts directly perceived or known by the witness, this chapter serves as an exception. It explains how expert opinions—such as those of … Read more
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